A comprehensive History text on Europe in the late 19th and 20th centuries, written by experienced teachers who are also examiners. Chapters are: Europe 1870-1991: a synoptic assessment, The Consolidation of Russian Conservatism 1855-1894, Germany under Bismarck 1871-1890, Wilhelmine Germany, 1888-1918, The Crisis of Russian Autocracy 1894-1914, The Causes and Course of the First World War, The Russian Revolution 1917-1924, The USSR under Stalin 1924-1941, Italy 1870-1943, Germany, 1918-1945, The Twenty Years Truce: International Relations, 1919-1939, The Second World War, Europe and the Cold War, 1945-1991, The Development of Western Europe, 1945-1991, and a Further Reading Index.